Travelers from history and their famous sea voyages

Arabic, Uighr_, and _Chinese_
Pauthier supposes Mark”s four acquisitions to have been _Bshpah-Mongol,
Arabic, Uighr_, and _Chinese_. I entirely reject the Chinese. Sir H. Yule
adds: ‘We shall see no reason to believe that he knew either language or
character’ [Chinese]. The blunders Polo made in saying that the name of
the city, Suju, signifies in our tongue ‘Earth’ and Kinsay ‘Heaven’ show
he did not know the Chinese characters, but we read in Bk. II. ch.
lxviii.: ‘And Messer Marco Polo himself, of whom this Book speaks, did
govern this city (Yanju) for three full years, by the order of the Great
Kaan.’ It seems to me [H. C.] hardly possible that Marco could have for
three years been governor of so important and so Chinese a city as
Yangchau, in the heart of the Empire, without acquiring a knowledge of the
spoken language.–H. C. The other three languages seem highly probable.
The fourth may have been Tibetan. But it is more likely that he counted
separately two varieties of the same character (e.g. of the Arabic and
Persian) as two ‘_lettres de leur escriptures_’–H. Y. and H. C.

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caldron, tapering to the bottom and covered with buffalo-hide–at least
3-1/2 or 4 feet in diameter
The _Nakkrah_ or _Nagrah_ was a great kettledrum, formed like a brazen
caldron, tapering to the bottom and covered with buffalo-hide–at least
3-1/2 or 4 feet in diameter. Bernier, indeed, tells of _Nakkras_ in use at
the Court of Delhi that were not less than a fathom across; and Tod speaks
of them in Rjptna as ‘about 8 or 10 feet in diameter.’ The Tartar
Nakkrahs were usually, I presume, carried on a camel; but as Kbli had
begun to use elephants, his may have been carried on an elephant, as is
sometimes the case in India. Thus, too, P. della Valle describes those of
an Indian Embassy at Ispahan: ‘The Indian Ambassador was also accompanied
by a variety of warlike instruments of music of strange kinds, and
particularly by certain Naccheras of such immense size that each pair had
an elephant to carry them, whilst an Indian astride upon the elephant
between the two Naccheras played upon them with both hands, dealing strong
blows on this one and on that; what a din was made by these vast drums, and
what a spectacle it was, I leave you to imagine.’

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traditionally said to be the relic of a pair brought as a trophy from
Derbend by David, King of Georgia, called the Restorer (1089-1130)
At Gelath in Imeretia there still exists one valve of a large iron gate,
traditionally said to be the relic of a pair brought as a trophy from
Derbend by David, King of Georgia, called the Restorer (1089-1130). M.
Brosset, however, has shown it to be the gate of Ganja, carried off in
1139.

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There are two Hermenias, the Greater and the Less. The Lesser Hermenia is
governed by a certain King, who maintains a just rule in his dominions,
but is himself subject to the Tartar.[NOTE 1] The country contains
numerous towns and villages,[NOTE 2] and has everything in plenty;
moreover, it is a great country for sport in the chase of all manner of
beasts and birds. It is, however, by no means a healthy region, but
grievously the reverse.[NOTE 3] In days of old the nobles there were
valiant men, and did doughty deeds of arms; but nowadays they are poor
creatures, and good at nought, unless it be at boozing; they are great at
that. Howbeit, they have a city upon the sea, which is called LAYAS, at
which there is a great trade. For you must know that all the spicery, and
the cloths of silk and gold, and the other valuable wares that come from
the interior, are brought to that city. And the merchants of Venice and
Genoa, and other countries, come thither to sell their goods, and to buy
what they lack. And whatsoever persons would travel to the interior (of
the East), merchants or others, they take their way by this city of
Layas.[NOTE 4]

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some thirty-five years ago, at Yotkn, a village of the Borazn Tract
The remains of the ancient capital of Khotan were accidentally discovered,
some thirty-five years ago, at Yotkn, a village of the Borazn Tract. A
great mass of highly interesting finds of ancient art pottery, engraved
stones, and early Khotan coins with Kharosthi-Chinese legends, coming from
this site, have recently been thoroughly examined in Dr. Hoernle”s Report
on the ‘British Collection of Central Asian Antiquities.’ _Stein_.–(See
_Three further Collections of Ancient Manuscripts from Central Asia_, by
Dr. A. F. R. Hoernle … Calcutta, 1897, 8vo.)

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Chi a caut pain et caus herens,
_Et vin d”Aucheurre_ ?plain tonnel
‘Chaiens, fait bon disner chaiens;
Chi a caut pain et caus herens,
_Et vin d”Aucheurre_ ?plain tonnel.’–
(_That. Fran? au Moyen Age_, 168.)

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instruments is, it would be a mistake to suppose that they are entitled to
equally high rank in scientific accuracy
It will have been seen that, beautiful as the art and casting of these
instruments is, it would be a mistake to suppose that they are entitled to
equally high rank in scientific accuracy. Mr. Wylie mentioned the question
that had been started to Freiherr von Gumpach, who was for some years
Professor of Astronomy in the Peking College. Whilst entirely rejecting
the doubts that had been raised as to the age of the Mongol instruments,
he said that he had seen those of Tycho Brahe, and the former are quite
unworthy to be compared with Tycho”s in scientific accuracy.

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Christians of India the Greater, who defeats the Tartars by an elaborate
stratagem, Oppert recognizes Sultan Jalluddn of Khwarizm and his
temporary success over the Mongols in Afghanistan
Thus in Plano Carpini”s single mention of Prester John as the King of the
Christians of India the Greater, who defeats the Tartars by an elaborate
stratagem, Oppert recognizes Sultan Jalluddn of Khwarizm and his
temporary success over the Mongols in Afghanistan. In the Armenian Prince
Sempad”s account, on the other hand, this Christian King of India is
_aided_ by the Tartars to defeat and harass the neighbouring Saracens, his
enemies, and becomes the Mongol”s vassal. In the statement of Rubruquis,
though distinct reference is made to the conquering Gurkhan (under the
name of Coir Cham of Caracatay), the title of _King John_ is assigned to
the Naiman Prince (_Kushluk_), who had married the daughter of the last
lineal sovereign of Karakhitai, and usurped his power, whilst, with a
strange complication of confusion, UNC, Prince of the Crit and Merkit
(Kerait and Merkit, two great tribes of Mongolia)[10] and Lord of
Karkorum, is made the brother and successor of this Naiman Prince. His
version of the story, as it proceeds, has so much resemblance to Polo”s,
that we shall quote the words. The Crit and Merkit, he says, were
Nestorian Christians. ‘But their Lord had abandoned the worship of Christ
to follow idols, and kept by him those priests of the idols who are all
devil-raisers and sorcerers. Beyond his pastures, at the distance of ten
or fifteen days” journey, were the pastures of the MOAL (Mongol), who were
a very poor people, without a leader and without any religion except
sorceries and divinations, such as all the people of those parts put so
much faith in. Next to Moal was another poor tribe called TARTAR. King
John having died without an heir, his brother Unc got his wealth, and
caused himself to be proclaimed Cham, and sent out his flocks and herds
even to the borders of Moal. At that time there was a certain blacksmith
called Chinghis among the tribe of Moal, and he used to lift the cattle of
Unc Chan as often as he had a chance, insomuch that the herdsmen of Unc
Chan made complaint to their master. The latter assembled an army, and
invaded the land of the Moal in search of Chinghis, but he fled and hid
himself among the Tartars. So Unc, having plundered the Moal and Tartars,
returned home. And Chinghis addressed the Tartars and Moal, saying: “It is
because we have no leader that we are thus oppressed by our neighbours.”
So both Tartars and Moal made Chinghis himself their leader and captain.
And having got a host quietly together, he made a sudden onslaught upon
Unc and conquered him, and compelled him to flee into Cathay. On that
occasion his daughter was taken, and given by Chinghis to one of his sons,
to whom she bore Mangu, who now reigneth…. The land in which they (the
Mongols) first were, and where the residence of Chinghis still exists, is
called _Onan Kerule_.[11] But because Caracoran is in the country which
was their first conquest, they regard it as a royal city, and there hold
the elections of their Chan.’

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just quoted, Fr
The word has generally been interpreted _bluish-grey_, but in the passage
just quoted, Fr.-Michel explains it by _brillans_. However, the evidence
for _noirs_ here seems strongest. Rashiduddin says that when Kbli was
born Chinghiz expressed surprise at the child”s being so _brown_, as its
father and all his other sons were fair. Indeed, we are told that the
descendants of Yesugai (the father of Chinghiz) were in general
distinguished by blue eyes and reddish hair. (_Michel”s Joinville_, p.
324; _D”Ohsson_, II. 475; _Erdmann_, 252.)

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[1] The _Encyc. Britann._, article ‘Money,’ gives the livre tournois of
this period as 18.17 francs. A French paper in _Notes and Queries_
(4th S. IV. 485) gives it under St. Lewis and Philip III. as
equivalent to 18.24 fr., and under Philip IV. to 17.95. And lastly,
experiment at the British Museum, made by the kind intervention of my
friend, Mr. E. Thomas, F.R.S., gave the weights of the _sols_ of St.
Lewis (1226-1270) and Philip IV. (1285-1314) respectively as 63 grains
and 61-1/2 grains of remarkably pure silver. These trials would give
the _livres_ (20 sols) as equivalent to 18.14 fr. and 17.70 fr.
respectively.

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